细密画(miniature)是波斯(现今伊朗一带)艺术的重要门类,始于《古兰经》的边饰图案。主要用作书籍的插图及封面和扉页上的装饰图案。随着时代的变化,它们有的画在羊皮纸上,有的画在纸上,也有的画在书籍封面的象牙板或木板上,形式不一。多数采用矿物质颜料绘制,甚至把珍珠、蓝宝石磨成粉当颜料。埃及新王朝(公元前16世纪)法老陪葬品中曾发现过插图卷物,人们认为这是最早的细密画。以后细密画曾在希腊和罗马广泛流行,但幸存下来的实物很少。它在帖木儿王朝(约公元1369~1500)达到鼎盛,18世纪后因欧洲殖民者入侵而几乎消亡。目前世界各国博物馆、图书馆、私人收藏的细密画绝大多数是拜占庭、波斯、加洛林、 奥托、 尼德兰的手抄和小型木板蛋胶画。
细密画是为少数人服务的艺术,本质上是贵族艺术,并没有在民间普遍流传。在中世纪的欧洲上流社会和波斯伊斯兰教哈里发宫廷中,细密画被视为珍品而互相赠送、收藏和玩赏。细密画的画师多数集聚在宫廷中。随着活字版印刷术和照相术发明与普及,细密画形式也逐渐消失,但细密画的艺术风格仍对现代的艺术继续产生影响。
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280148_1036383.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280145_1036389.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280144_1036391.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280143_1036393.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280140_1036399.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280139_1036401.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280138_1036403.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280134_1036411.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280132_1036415.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280131_1036417.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280130_1036419.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280129_1036423.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280127_1036427.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280126_1036429.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280124_1036433.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280123_1036435.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280121_1036439.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280120_1036441.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280119_1036443.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280118_1036445.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280117_1036447.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280116_1036449.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280114_1036453.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280113_1036455.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280112_1036457.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280111_1036459.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280152_1036375.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280151_1036377.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280150_1036379.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280149_1036381.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280147_1036385.jpg[/img]
[img]http://www.591ac.com/photo/chncg/jdjmbsm/200602280146_1036387.jpg[/img]